When former Uber driver Yaseen Aslam first started campaigning for app workers’ rights back in 2014, the battle felt hopeless; like a “dark tunnel.” He claims academics told him it was impossible to succeed because his fellow gig workers were too disparate and the majority were people from ethnic minorities, groups that did not have high rates of union membership. Seven years later, Aslam—now president of the App Drivers and Couriers Union (ADCU), a group with thousands of members—can look across the UK and Europe and watch multiple court cases rule in favor of more employment rights for gig workers. “This has been a massive year,” he says. “We are now starting to see the light.”

Over the past 12 months, gig economy companies have spent a lot of time in court, as judges scrutinize a business model that promises workers more flexibility in exchange for fewer rights than traditional employees. But on December 9, the European Commission announced one of the biggest challenges to that business model yet, publishing a major new draft law designed to reshape the relationship between gig workers and the platforms that pay them. If passed, the rules could affect up to 4 million people, estimates the Commission, which suggests it is responding to a flurry of activity in national courts. “There are more than one thousand court rulings across the EU already [against] different platforms, and there are hundreds of cases still pending,” said European trade commissioner Valdis Dombrovskis in a press conference. “So the aim of this proposal is, among other things, to provide more clarity.”

The first landmark case of 2021 arrived in February, not in the EU but in the UK. Aslam was among a group of 25 drivers who challenged the way Uber classified them as self-employed. Britain’s Supreme Court ruled in the drivers’ favor, entitling them to rights such as the minimum wage and holiday pay. That case was only the start of a year which saw courts across Europe issue rulings that affected ride-hailing apps including Uber, Bolt, and Ola, as well as delivery apps such as Deliveroo and Glovo. Uber said it will appeal a similar decision made by a Dutch court in September that said drivers were employees not contractors. In Belgium, a court decided in November that only Uber drivers who have official taxi licenses may continue to operate, which the company said excluded 95 percent of drivers on the app. This week, a High Court in London ruled that the way ride-hailing apps claimed they were “agents,” facilitating a contract between a driver and a passenger, was not compatible with the city’s transport laws. Instead, companies such as Uber and Free Now would have to take responsibility for rides on the app themselves.

“These platform apps started with this idea that they were disruptors … helping facilitate business on behalf of independently contracted drivers,” says Jeffrey Vogt, the rule of law director at the Solidarity Center, a workers rights group in Washington, DC, that tracks court cases worldwide. This setup was accepted for years, he adds, but recently there has been an explosion in litigation. London’s High Court decision is just one example of this facilitator status being dismantled. “The majority of the judicial opinion inside and outside of Europe is finding an employment relationship,” Vogt says. “There’s still outliers, but I think that is definitely the trend.” One of those outliers includes a December 8 decision in Belgium, where a court found Deliveroo riders could not be reclassified as employees.

However the general consensus among Europe’s judges means the gig economy business model is unlikely to survive in Europe in its current form, says Valerio De Stefano, a professor of labor law at the Belgian university KU Leuven. “In my opinion, [gig economy companies] will have to decide whether they want to run the business model according to the rules or completely change their business model by allowing workers to set their own fees and not expelling them from the platform for low ratings.” Avoiding change will also be harder if court wins continue to be solidified by regulation. In May 2021, Spain’s government converted a 2020 Supreme Court ruling into law, requiring gig workers to be recognized as employees. A similar bill was also approved by Portugal’s government in October 2021 and is waiting to receive a final stamp of approval from Parliament. “The litigation successes we have had are important because they are shaping legislation and putting pressure on lawmakers to clarify labor law,” says Johanna Wenckebach, director of Frankfurt’s Hugo Sinzheimer Institute, a research organization that works closely with Germany’s labor unions.